Slave Trade
The Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. Available Online.
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History of slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th through ... The early medieval slave sex trade was mainly to the East: the Byzantine Empire ...
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Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The slave-trade is sometimes called the Maafa by African and African-American ... 2 Triangular trade. 3 Labour and slavery. 4 African slave market ...
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African History: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
A brief review of the triangular trade with particular reference to recent statistics. ... Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Origins of Slaves. How Many Slaves Were ...
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Spartacus Educational: The Slave Trade
Features slave accounts, the slave system, events, women's anti-slavery societies, legislation, and American anti-slavery campaigners.
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Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade
Listing important events from 1502 to 1841.
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slave trade: Definition from Answers.com
slave trade n. Traffic in slaves. ... The slave trade of Great Britain, and those of other European countries, ... US History Encyclopedia: Slave Trade ...
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The Slave Trade
The slave trade was not just a matter of national commercial policy, but a moral ... Legislating the Abolition of the Slave Trade: ...
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Africans in America | Part 1 | Narrative | The African Slave Trade and ...
Alexander Falconbridge's account of the slave trade ... The African Slave Trade and the Middle Passage. ? The Growth of Slavery in North America ...
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Slave Trade Archives: UNESCO-CI
Closed > Memory of the World > Memory of the World Projects > Slave Trade Archives ... a database of digital archives relating to the transatlantic slave trade. ...
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The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures and throughout human history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to the systematic exploitation of labor for work and services without consent and/or the possession of other persons as property. There is no clear timeline for the formation of slavery in any formalized sense. Slavery can be traced to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi, which refers to slavery as an already established institution. Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi. e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves". Code of Laws #7, " If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".'s painting The Slave Market.

Europe and Mediterranean The ancient Mediterranean civilizations Slavery in the ancient cultures was known to occur civilizations as old as Sumer, and found in every such civilization, including Ancient Egypt, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, ancient Greece, Rome and parts of Roman Empire, and the Islamic Caliphate. Such institutions were a mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoner of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves.Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves, by W. V. Harris: The Journal of Roman Studies © 1999 In the Roman Empire, probably over 25% of the population was enslaved. BBC - History - Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome

Slavery was an important element in the development of the ancient Greek city-states. Records of slavery in Ancient Greece go as far back as Mycenaean Greece. The treatment of Greek slaves could be said to be harsh, but not extremely brutal. The Spartans had earlier reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called helots. In Ancient Greece about 30% of the population consisted of slaves. Ancient Greece

As the Roman Republic expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, thus creating an ample supply. The people subjected to Slavery in antiquity#Slavery in Rome came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Such oppression by an elite minority eventually led to slave revolts (see Roman Servile Wars); the Third Servile War led by Spartacus was the most famous and severe. Greeks, Africans, Germans, Thracians, Gauls (or Celts), Jews, Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labour, but also for amusement (e.g. gladiators and sex slaves). If a slave ran away, he was liable to be crucified. By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome. Slavery was so common, and citizenship restricted so firmly (only to native-born adult males), that the slaves in Rome far outnumbered the citizens. Slavery in Ancient Rome

The Vikings In the Viking era starting c. 793, the Norsemen raiders often captured and enslaved weaker peoples they encountered. In the Nordic countries the slaves were called thralls (Old Norse: Þræll). Slavery and Thralldom: The Unfree in Viking Scandinavia The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. There is evidence of German, Baltic, Slavic and south European slaves as well. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th through 11th centuries. Origin of Vikings: Algeidjuborg trafficking of "valkyries" to Islam The Persian traveller Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the Varangians or Rus' Khaganate, terrorized and enslaved the East Slavs. The practice came to an end when Catholic Church became widespread throughout Scandinavia. As in the rest of Catholic Europe, the Church held that a Christian could not morally own another Christian. The thrall system was finally abolished in 1350. Serfdom never came to Norway, Iceland and Sweden. Serfdom -- Encyclopaedia Britannica A Historical Note

Middle Ages Chaos and invasion made the taking of slaves habitual throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages. St. Patrick, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus. In Carolingian dynasty approximately 20% of the entire population consisted of slaves. The slave trade: myths and preconceptions At that time, Europe was weak and disunited, and for more than half a century Invasion#Magyar invasions of Europe bands raided Germany, Great Moravia, Italy, the Byzantine Empire, and lands as far away as Spain. The Magyars looted towns and took captives for labor, ransom, or sale on the slave market. The Magyars of Hungary

Slavery in early medieval Europe was so common that the Roman Catholic Church repeatedly prohibited it—or at least the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands was prohibited at, for example, the Council of Koblenz in 922, the Council of London in 1102, and the Council of Armagh in 1171. Slavery, serfdom, and indenture through the Middle Ages William the Conqueror, too, banned export of English people slaves. The early Middle Age slave trade was mainly to the East: the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, pagan Central Europe and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary, were important sources. Viking, Arab, Greeks and Jewish merchants (known as Radhanites) were all involved in the slave trade during the Middle Ages#Early Middle Ages. Slave trade -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia JewishEncyclopedia.com - slave-trade Slavery Encyclopedia of Ukraine

So many Slavs were enslaved for so many centuries that the very name 'slave' derived from their name, not only in English, but in other European languages and in Arabic. Historical survey The international slave trade Arabs and Slave Trade definition of slaved

The Mongol invasions and conquests in the 13th century made the situation worse. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to Karakorum or Sarai (city), whence they were sold throughout Eurasia. Many of these slaves were shipped to slave market in Novgorod Republic. William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols Life in 13th Century Novgorod -- Women and Class Structure The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia

Slave commerce during the Late Middle Ages was mainly in the hands of Republic of Venice and Republic of Genoa merchants and cartels, who were involved in the slave trade with the Golden Horde. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 eastern European slaves were sold in Republic of Venice. How To Reboot Reality — Chapter 2, Labor Genoese merchants organized the slave trade from the Crimea to Mamluk#Mamluk power in Egypt. For years the Khanate of Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate routinely made raids on Russian principalities forslaves and to plunder towns. Russian chronicles record about 40 raids of List of Kazan khans on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century.The Full Collection of the Russian Annals, vol.13, SPb, 1904 In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray and his Kazan allies attacked Moscow and captured thousands of slaves. The Tatar Khanate of Crimea - All Empires

In 1441, Haci I Giray declared independence from the Golden Horde and established the Crimean Khanate. For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. In a process called the "harvesting of the steppe", they enslaved many Slavic peasants. About 30 major Tatar raids were recorded into Tsardom of Russia territories between 1558-1596. Supply of Slaves In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves. Moscow - Historical background In Crimea, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves. Historical survey > Slave societies

Spain in the Middle Ages was the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Al-Andalus to ravage the Christian Spanish kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, Spain, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves. Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier

The Byzantine-Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe brought large numbers of Christian slaves into the Islam by country too. Ottoman Dhimmitude After the Battle of Lepanto (1571) approximately 12,000 Christian galleyslaves were freed from the History of the Turkish Navy. Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto Christians were also selling Islam by country slaves captured in war. The Knights Hospitaller attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured North Africans and Turkish people. Malta remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. It required a thousand slaves to equip merely the galleys (ships) of the Order. A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem Brief History of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem

Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the 15th century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second serfdom. Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until the 1723, when the Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house Serfdom in Russia. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery

Great Britain and Ireland The Portuguese Explorations See also: Portuguese Empire

The 15th Century Portuguese people exploration of the African coast, commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism, also marked the beginnings of the slave trade which was to become a major element of this Global Empire until the end of the 18th Century. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism. Although for a short period as in 1462, Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime".

The maritime town of Lagos, Portugal, has the dubious distinction of being the location of the first slave market created by Europeans for the sale of imported African slaves - the Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444, whose site is still pointed out to visitors to the town. In 1444, first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania. The well-known Prince Henry the Navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, received one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. In later times, the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from importing them to Europe to their transport to tropical colonies in the Americas - in the case of Portugal, especially to Brazil.

Pre-industrial Europe It became the custom among the Mediterranean powers to sentence condemned criminals to row in the war-galleys of the state (initially only in time of war). The Last Galleys The French Huguenots filled the galleys after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and Camisard. Huguenots and the Galleys Galley-slaves lived in unsavoury conditions, so even though some sentences prescribed a restricted number of years, most rowers would eventually die, even if they survived shipwreck and murder or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates. French galley slaves of the ancien régime Naval warfare often turned 'infidel' prisoner of war into galley-slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy -- the Ottoman corsair and admiral Turgut Reis and the Knights Hospitaller Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette among them. The Great Siege of 1565

In that time second serfdom took place in Eastern Europe during this period (particularly in Austria, Hungary, Prussia, Russia and Poland). Only in 1768 was a law passed in Poland that discontinued the nobility's control of the right to life or death of serfs. Serfdom remained the practice on the most part of territory of Russia until February 19, 1861. Some of the Roma people were enslaved over five centuries in Romania until abolition in 1864. Roma Celebrate 150 years of Freedom 2005 Romania

Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794.

Modern times Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazism regime created many Arbeitslager (labour camps) in Germany and Eastern Europe. Prisoners in Nazi labor camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Nazis. (See for instance Eugen Kogon's publication The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them)

About 12 million forced laborers, most of whom were Eastern Europe, were employed in the German war economy inside the Nazi Germany. Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labor during the Nazi era, including DaimlerChrysler, Deutsche Bank, Siemens, Volkswagen, Hoechst, Dresdner Bank, Krupp, Allianz, BASF, Bayer, BMW and Degussa. Comprehensive List Of German Companies That Used Slave Or Forced Labor During World War II Released German Companies Adopt Fund For Slave Laborers Under Nazis

Between 1930 and 1960, the Soviet regime created many Lageria (labour camps) in Siberia. Prisoners in Soviet labor camps were worked to death on extreme production quotas, brutality, hunger and harsh elements. Paintings of the Soviet Penal System by Former Prisoner Nilolau Getman. The fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps.Michael McFaul, in his New York Times article of June 11,2003, entitled 'Books of the Times;Camps of Terror, Often Overlooked' , has this to say about the state of contemporary dialogue on Soviet slavery: Moving out. The Jamestown Foundation, Nikolai Getman, The Gulag Collection: Paintings of Nikolai Getman.It should now be known to all serious scholars that the camps began under Lenin and not Stalin. It should be recognized by all that people were sent to the camps not because of what they did, but because of who they were. Some may be surprised to learn about the economic function that the camps were designed to perform. Under Stalin, the camps were simply a crueler but equally inefficient way to exploit labor in the cause of building socialism than the one practiced outside the camps in the Soviet Union. Yet, even this economic role of the camps has been exposed before.

What is remarkable is that the facts about this monstrous system so well documented in Ms. Applebaum's book are still so poorly known and even, by some, contested. For decades, academic historians have gravitated away from event-focused history and toward social history. Yet, the social history of the gulag somehow has escaped notice. Compared with the volumes and volumes written about the Holocaust, the literature on the gulag is thin.

(The article draws attention to Anne Applebaum's Pulitzer Prize winning text GULAG : A History )

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the impoverished former Eastern bloc countries such as Albania, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been identified as major trafficking source countries for women and children. Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU Young women and girls are often lured to wealthier countries by the promises of money and work and than reduced to sexual slavery. Crime gangs 'expand sex slavery into shires' It is estimated that 2/3 of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from Eastern Europe, three-quarters have never worked as prostitutes before. Eastern Europe - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women A modern slave's brutal odyssey The major destinations are Western Europe (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Greece), the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, the United Arab Emirates), Asia, Russia and the United States. Moldova: Lower prices behind sex slavery boom and child prostitution The Russian Mafia in Asia

An estimated 500,000 women from Central and Eastern Europe are working in prostitution in the EU alone. For East Europe’s Women, a Rude Awakening It is estimated that half million Ukrainian women were trafficked abroad since 1991 (80% of all unemployed in Ukraine are women). The "Natasha" Trade - The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women Poverty, crime and migration are acute issues as Eastern European cities continue to grow Russia is a major source of women trafficked globally for the purpose of sexual exploitation, Russian women are in prostitution in over 50 countries. Russia: With No Jobs At Home, Women Fall Victim To Trafficking Court acquits brothers in assault and detention case Police bring home 3 sex slaves from China In poverty-stricken Moldova, where the unemployment rate for women ranges as high as 68% and one-third of the workforce live and work abroad, experts estimate that since the collapse of the Soviet Union between 200,000 and 400,000 women have been sold into prostitution abroad — perhaps up to 10% of the female population. Sold as a sex slave in Europe Jana Costachi, "Preventing Victimization in Moldova" Global Issues, June 2003

Slavery in Muslim World For Muslim views on slavery, see Islam and Slavery

Historians say the Arab slave trade began in the 7th century and lasted more than millennium. Islam and Slavery "Know about Islamic Slavery in Africa" The Arab slave trade is thought to have originated with trans-Saharan slavery. Battuta's Trip: Journey to West Africa (1351 - 1353) Slavery in the Sahara Arab, Indian, and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent. The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia was dominated by Arab and African traders in the coastal cities of Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa. Slaves And Slave Trading In Shi'i Iran, AD 1500-1900 The Moors, starting in the 8th century, raided coastal areas of the Mediterranean, and became known as the Barbary pirates.

Male slaves were employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers, while female slaves were traded to Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab, Indian, or Oriental traders, some as domestic servants, others as sex slaves. Islam and Slavery Battuta's Trip: Anatolia (Turkey) 1330 - 1331 Chaman Andam, slavery in early 20th century Iran Some historians estimate that between 11 and 17 million slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 to 1900 CE. Focus on the slave trade The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is -- and it's not over

In 1400 Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia (country). More than 60,000 Peoples of the Caucasus were captured as slaves, and many districts of Armenia were depopulated. The Turco-Mongol Invasions

From 1569 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot, pillage and capture slaves into jasyr. The borderland area to the south-east was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century. Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Circassians, Russians, Belarusians and Poles, were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate. Soldier Khan The living legacy of jihad slavery Russian conquest of the Crimea led to the abolition of slavery by the 1780s. Slave trade in the early modern Crimea from the perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources

Slavery was an important part of Ottoman society. In Istanbul, about 1/5 of the population consisted of slaves. Historical survey > Slave societies As late as 1908 women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery In the middle of the 14th century, Murad I built his own personal slave army called the Kapıkulu. The new force was based on the sultan's right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. The captive slaves were converted to Islam and trained in the sultan's personal service. In the devşirme (translated "blood tax" or "child collection"), a young Christian boys from the Balkans were taken away from their homes and families, converted to Islam and enlisted into special soldier classes of the Military of the Ottoman Empire. These soldier classes were named Janissary, the most famous branch of the Kapıkulu. The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the Ottoman wars in Europe. Janissary Most of the military commanders of the Ottoman forces, imperial administrators and de facto rulers of the Ottoman Empire, such as Pargalı İbrahim Pasha and Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, were recruited in this way. Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East The Turks: History and Culture By 1609 the Sultan's Kapıkulu forces increased to about 100,000. In the Service of the State and Military Class

Mamluks were a slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. The first mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad. Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example, ruling Egypt in the from 1250-1517. From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Bahri dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin. White people slaves from the Peoples of the Caucasus served in the army and formed an elite corp of troops eventually revolting in Egypt to form the Burgi dynasty. Mamluks were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Ilkhanate of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt. The Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (Timeline)

The Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672-1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.

Nautical traders from the United States became targets, and frequent victims, of the Barbary pirates, as soon as that nation began trading with Europe and refused to pay the required tribute to the North African states.

Modern times : Trafficked children as young as 2 years old are forced to work up to 18 hours a day as camel jockeys in the Middle EastThe Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade continued into the early 1900s World History: 700 to 1516, and by some accounts continues to this day. As recently as the 1950s, Saudi Arabia had an estimated 450,000 slaves, 20% of the population. Slavery in Islam £400 for a Slave It is estimated that as many as 200,000 children and women have been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War. War and Genocide in Sudan The Lost Children of Sudan In Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour. The Abolition season on BBC World Service Slavery in Modern Africa was finally criminalized in August 2007. Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law

The Arab trade in slaves continued into the 20th century. Written travelogues and other historical works are replete with references to slaves owned by wealthy traders, nobility and heads of state in the Arabian Peninsula well into the 1920s. Slave owning and slave-like working conditions have been documented up to and including the present, in countries of the Middle East. Though the subject is considered taboo in the affected regions, a leading Saudi government cleric and author of the country's religious curriculum has called for the outright re-legalization of slavery.

Children as young as two years old are used for slavery as child camel jockeys across the Arab countries of the Middle East. Although strict laws have been introduced recently in Qatar and UAE, thanks to better awareness of the issue and lobbying by human rights organisations such as the Ansar Burney Trust, the use of children still continues in outlying areas and during secret night-time races.

Many of the Iraqi women fleeing the Iraq War are turning to prostitution, others are trafficked abroad, to countries like Syria, Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Iran. Iraqi sex slaves recount ordeals In Syria alone, an estimated 50,000 Refugees of Iraq girls and women, many of them widows, are forced into prostitution. '50,000 Iraqi refugees' forced into prostitution Cheap Iraqi prostitutes have helped to make Syria a popular destination for sex tourists. The clients come from wealthier countries in the Middle East - many are Saudi Arabia men. Iraqi refugees forced into prostitution High prices are offered for virgins. Desperate Iraqi Refugees Turn to Sex Trade in Syria

Africa

In most African societies, there was very little difference between the free peasants and the feudal vassal peasants. Vassals of the Songhay Muslim Empire were used primarily in agriculture; they paid tribute to their masters in crop and service but they were slightly restricted in custom and convenience. These people were more an occupational caste, as their bondage was relative.In the Kanem Bornu Empire, vassals were three classes beneath the nobles. Marriage between captor and captive was far from rare, blurring the anticipated roles..

French historian Fernand Braudel noted that slavery was endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life. "Slavery came in different disguises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders" (Braudel 1984 p. 435). During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export traffic, with its slave traffic from Africa to the Americas. The The Netherlands imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. Later, the United Kingdom, which held vast colonial territories on the African continent (including southern Africa), Slave Trade Act 1807 throughout British Empire. The end of the slave trade and the decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors.

The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent. There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar, but this was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole. In most African slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family.In Senegambia (geography), between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the western Sudan, including Ghana Empire (750-1076), Mali Empire (1235–1645), Bamana Empire (1712–1861), and Songhai Empire (1275-1591), about a third of the population were slaves. In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala people of the Cameroon, the Igbo people and other peoples of the lower Niger river, the Kingdom of congo, and the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola. Among the Ashanti and Yoruba people a third of the population consisted of slaves. The population of the Kanem Empire was about a third-slave. It was perhaps 40% in Bornu Empire (1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves. The population of the Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausa people in the northern Nigeria and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili people Zanzibar was enslaved. Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved. Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History Slow Death for Slavery - Cambridge University Press Digital History Slavery Fact Sheets Tanzania - Stone Town of Zanzibar 18th and Early 19th Centuries. The Encyclopedia of World History Fulani slave-raids Central African Republic: History

Anti-Slavery Society estimated there were 2,000,000 slaves in the early 1930s Ethiopia, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery Slavery continued in Ethiopia until the brief Second Italo-Abyssinian War in October 1935, when was abolished by order of the Italian occupying forces. CJO - Abstract - Trading in slaves in Ethiopia, 1897–1938 In response to pressure by Western Allies of World War II Ethiopia officially abolished slavery and serfdom after regained its independence in 1942. On August 26, 1942 Haile Selassie issued a procamation outlawing slavery. Ethiopia Chronology of slavery

Elikia M’bokolo, April 1998, Le Monde diplomatique. Quote:"The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim world (from the ninth to the nineteenth)." He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the Trans-Saharan trade caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean" The impact of the slave trade on Africa

North Africa Ancient Egypt As practiced in ancient Egypt, slavery was not in accord with the modern view of the term. Persons became "slaves" in ancient Egypt by virtue of being captives (or prisoners) of war, committing criminal or other indecent acts, or indebtedness. In many instances, some peasants in ancient Egypt led better livelihoods as slaves than as free persons: some Egyptian peasants purposely sold themselves into slavery as a means of repaying their debts. Though slaves in ancient Egypt could be sold, inherited or offered as gifts, they were not prohibited from learning, achieving greater social rank, purchasing property or negotiating other contracts. One papyrus from the New Kingdom even records masters being testified against by slave witnesses. Slave children apparently enjoyed some authoritative protection, as a letter from the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt records limits to their use for harsh labor, and Egyptian households further bore the responsibility of adequately raising children of slave parents.

It's also worth mentioning that slaves were not as extensively used in ancient Egypt (or Kemet), contrary to popular belief and the stories recounted in the Bible. Support for this claim comes from archaeological discoveries by Mark Lehner and Zahi Hawass regarding the pyramids not being built by slaves, but most likely locals who would go into the city and work during the flood season, and "ensure their own afterlife and would also benefit the future and prosperity of Egypt as a whole. They may well have been willing workers, a labor force working for ample rations, for the benefit of man, king, and country."

Barbary pirates

According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million European ethnic groupss were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Crypt: Slaves in the Islamic world The coastal villages and towns of Italy, Spain and List of islands in the Mediterranean were frequently attacked by them and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by its inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. White slaves. Muslim masters.

In 1544, Khair ad Din captured Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners in the process, and deported to slavery some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands In 1551, Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West) enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. When pirates sacked Vieste in southern Italy in 1554 they took an 7,000 slaves. In 1555, Turgut Reis sailed to Corsica and ransacked Bastia, taking 6000 prisoners. In 1558 Barbary corsairs captured the town of Ciutadella, destroyed it, murder the inhabitants and carried off 3,000 survivors to Istanbul as slaves. History of Menorca In 1563 Turgut Reis landed at the shores of the province of Granada, Spain, and captured the coastal settlements in the area like Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates frequently attacked the Balearic islands, resulting in many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches being erected. The threat was so severe that island of Formentera became uninhabited. When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed Watch-towers and fortified towns Islamic Expansion and Decline: Chapter 8: The Slave Society

Between 1609 and 1616 England alone had a staggering 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates. Slave-taking persisted into the 19th century when Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. BBC - History - British Slaves on the Barbary Coast Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates by Christopher Hitchens, City Journal Spring 2007

Sub-Saharan Africa

David Livingstone wrote of the slave trade:

"To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility.... We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead.... We came upon a man dead from starvation.... The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves."

Livingstone estimated that 80,000 Africans died each year before ever reaching the slave markets of Zanzibar. David Livingstone; Christian History Institute The blood of a nation of Slaves in Stone Town BBC Remembering East African slave raids Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence. The log weighed 32 pounds, and the boy could only move by carrying it on his head.' Unknown photographer, c. 1890. National Maritime Museum, London Swahili CoastPrior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the Arabian peninsula. Zanzibar became a leading port on this trade. Arab slave traders differed from European ones in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of female slaves over male ones.

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the Sahara from the Sahel to North Africa. The German explorer Gustav Nachtigal reported seeing slave caravans departing from Kukawa in Kanem-Bornu Empire bound for Tripoli and Egypt in 1870. The slave trade represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. The eastern regions of the

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